Table of Contents:
Web files and presentation occur on the Linux (UNIX) system. If you are using Linux (including connecting to Linux from a Windows machine using XWin32 or the SSH Secure Shell terminal window), the procedure to publish the web page is much easier. If you are doing it from your Windows machine we give examples assuming you are using the SSH Secure Shell file transfer facility. If you are not familiar with SSH Secure Shell file transfer, you should review our writeup on that.
All web files are in a directory called public_html
in your home
directory. The Apache web server looks for a directory with this name whenever
there is a request for your files in the form
http://www.math.ucla.edu/~user
.
The examples assume that you will first change to your web directory, like this:
Linux | Windows |
---|---|
cd $HOME/public_html | Your SSH Secure Shell file transfer window
should start out showing your home directory
on the Remoteside of the window. Find public_html and double click on it. |
If this is your first web page at Mathnet, then you probably don't have the public_html directory, so you need to create it first, and you need to give the webserver permission to hunt within it for files.
Linux | Windows |
---|---|
cd $HOME mkdir public_html chmod 755 public_html cd public_html | With your home directory showing in the SSH Secure Shell file transfer
window (Remoteside), right click in the background and select New Folder. Locate the new directory at the end of the list, and fill in its name with public_html. Right click on its icon, select Properties, and click the checkboxes for Read and Execute in all three categories, if not already turned on (and click OK). Now double click on the folder's icon to change focus into it. |
If you make a lot of web pages you have probably already set up a
template page with your favorite styles, but with the content reduced to a
minimum such as Page Content Goes Here
. Mathnet has provided a few
such templates; click on the titles to see previews:
Title | Filename | Description |
---|---|---|
template.shtml | /usr/www/htdocs/templates/template.shtml | Includes the official departmental logo and navigation menu. Staff should use this template, and it adds a nice touch of departmental cohesiveness if faculty and students use it too. |
homepage.html | /usr/www/htdocs/templates/homepage.html | A simple home page for a professor or grad student. It has (commented out) a tag for an image: a photograph of the owner, or a result from current research, or a favorite scene. |
(same) | The same homepage.html with all the features turned on. |
Having chosen a template file, copy it like this. Substitute the
filename of the selected template, and where it says mypage.shtml
substitute the filename you want for the page.
Note 1: If the template ends with .shtml, the copy must also. This is how the webserver knows to look for instructions in the file to include the department logo and navigation material.
Note 2: Your home page must be named
index.htmlorindex.shtml. The webserver looks for this name specifically as the home page. Similarly in subdirectories, the leading file must be calledindex.htmlorindex.shtml.Note 3: On Linux you are copying the file to public_html and you will edit it there. On Windows, on the other hand, you want to copy the file to your desktop, edit it on the Windows machine, then copy the finished file to public_html.
Linux | Windows |
---|---|
cp -p /usr/www/htdocs/templates/template.shtml mypage.shtml
-p means to keep the original permission allowing the web server to read the file. If you forget -p, you can give the permission like this: chmod 644 mypage.shtml | In the toolbar just above the Remotesection is a dropdown listbox, showing the current directory's name, that you can type in. Fill in /usr/www/htdocs/templates(and press return). You will see a list of template files. Drag and drop the one you chose onto your desktop. Once the template arrives on your desktop, rename it to its proper name, to avoid confusion. You will need to change back to your own public_html directory. Type that directory name in the listbox and press return. (On more recent versions of SSH Secure Shell, it may be productive to click on the down-arrow on the listbox and choose public_html from the list.) |
On Linux you can use your favorite file editor, such as vi
or
gemacs
, to edit the new page. On Windows you would be using Notepad.
Note 4: On Windows, if you double click on the icon the unedited contents will be displayed with your default browser, which is not too useful. If you right click and chooseIf you stick to the styling in the template, simple HTML can be very simple. Particularly if you are creating your home page from our template, you can just leave our HTML tags unmodified: just find and change your name, course web directory, etc. If you're being more creative, this link is to a summary of HTML syntax.Edit, the file will be edited with Microsoft Word, which is fine if you're going to print it but is very bad for the web. Right click, chooseOpen With, and then select Notepad.
Alternatively you could use a specialized HTML editor. The nvu
editor is installed on both Linux and Windows (by request on Windows), or other editors
could be used such as Dreamweaver or Microsoft Front Page, if you have them.
The user interface of nvu
is very standard and easy to use. It's a matter of personal choice whether
you learn to use the HTML editor, or you learn how to add the HTML tags with
the regular file editor.
Microsoft Word has a feature to Save as Web Page
. However, Word is
a page editor, not a web editor, and it fails to solve web problems while
imposing page layouts that work fine on paper but badly on the web. Do not
use Microsoft Word to create or edit web pages.
Go through the file and replace template generic content. For example,
Page Title
should be changed to the actual page title (2 places),
Your Name
needs to be replaced, and of course the page needs some
payload content. Our summary of HTML syntax
includes guidelines so you can make good-looking pages that
avoid being hostile to handicapped viewers.
On Linux the page is already finished, and you just need to make a link
to it from other pages (the link is implicit for your home page). On Windows
you need to drag and drop the edited page from your desktop to public_html (or
a subdirectory) using the SSH Secure Shell file transfer window. When the page
arrives, right click on its icon, select Properties
, and mark the
checkboxes for reading, in all three categories, if not already set. This
gives the webserver permission to read and send out the page. Remember to
send the desktop copy to the trash, once the copy in public_html has been
checked for errors and fixed.
You haven't finished your job until you have actually seen the page in a
web browser. Type in its URL or follow another page's link to your new page.
The URL for a home page is http://www.math.ucla.edu/~user (substituting your
UNIX loginID). If you find and fix an error, on Windows you will need to save
the file and again copy the corrected file to your web directory. (On Linux
you're editing it there; remember to save the file from the editor.) Then
click the Reload
button on your browser to see the fixes.
A very common error is to forget to set file permissions,
whereupon the browser will show the webserver's complaint that you do not
have permission to see this page
. The page file and all containing
directories must have permission for public reading, and also execution for
directories. Review the steps above where permissions are set.
Similarly, images and other supporting files such as style sheets need to be publicly readable. If you have an image and it is replaced by a generic icon or by the ALT text, check its permissions.
Now that you can see the page, does it look reasonable? If you temporarily enlarge the default font-size, as a visually challenged user might do, does all the text get bigger? Is it still OK when you expand the web browser's window to full screen, or shrink it to 320x320 pixels (imitating the popular Palm Treo line of web-enabled PDAs)? A smaller font-size helps in the small screen test.
Web standards are not just mickey mouse
formality; they are a meeting
point where the provider (you) knows what HTML tags to use to get your message
across, and the client (viewer) knows what you will be sending over that he is
expected to show correctly on the screen. If you send nonstandard material the
client's browser will do its best, but often will make a hash of your beautiful
web page. The World Wide Web Consortium offers
a validation (error checking) service for web pages. You may have noticed that
the template pages have HTML and CSS compliance logos that are commented out.
When editing, you should remove the comment marks, and now you should click on
each logo (CSS first), and fix any errors found. If you have kept to simple
tags and styles, it's very likely that your page could pass the first time.